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The Greek government resumed stalled talks with its private creditors in Athens on Wednesday in the hope of sealing a euro100 billion ($128 billion) debt relief deal needed to avoid a disastrous default this spring.

Charles Dallara, a top official at the Institute of International Finance, a global banking association, returned to Greece after negotiations stalled last week, and held a nearly three-hour meeting with Prime Minister Lucas Papademos and Finance Minister Evangelos Venizelos.

“A very crucial meeting, that lasted several hours, has just finished at the prime minister’s office,” Venizelos told Parliament shortly afterward. “The meetings between the Greek government and the IIF have resumed and they will continue (Thursday).”

Earlier, he said the talks “are without a doubt at a very sensitive stage.”

The so-called private sector involvement, or PSI, deal is meant to write off half of the debt Greece owes private bondholders. Creditors would get most of the remaining debt in new bonds with extended repayment periods, as well as a cash payment.

“We want this (deal) to happen in a way that is safe for Greece _ with Greece in the eurozone _ and safe for the real economy and the financial system,” Venizelos said.

Since May 2010, Greece has kept solvent with rescue loans from its European partners and the International Monetary Fund. In the event of bankruptcy, Greece would likely have to abandon the euro and revert to a devalued currency. Since the country imports more than it exports, the costs of fuel and basic consumer goods would skyrocket, further frustrating a population angered by two years of harsh austerity.

The PSI talks have mainly been held up by a disagreement on interest rates for the new bonds.

“The interest rate on the new loans is a key issue here,” Dallara told CNN before Wednesday’s meeting. “Some seem to have a view that we should actually extend the loans at interest rates even lower than what the IMF and (the Europeans) extend their loans at, and there’s not much logic in that in our viewpoint.”

Dallara urged the EU to make clear that a similar deal would not apply to other troubled eurozone countries. “Greece really is a unique situation,” he said.

A Greek government official said Athens is still considering whether to impose so-called collective action clauses on its bonds. Such clauses could force private debt holders resisting a settlement to fall in line with the majority if an agreement is reached. The official asked not to be identified, citing the sensitive nature of the talks Payday advance.

A second government official, who also spoke on condition of anonymity, said Athens estimates there could be an agreement by the end of the week.

Greece needs to clinch the deal quickly to qualify for more bailout loans before it faces a euro14.5 billion ($18.6 billion) bond repayment on March 20. The bond swap is a key part a new euro130 billion ($166 billion) bailout package in loans and bank support from international rescue creditors.

Recession-bound Greece needs to write off some of its borrowings, if it is to have a fighting chance of emerging from its debt hole.

It has so far relied on austerity measures, which were a condition for it to receive the emergency loans. The Greek government has cut pensions and salaries, raised taxes and sold some state property.

Yanis Varoufakis, a professor of economics at the University of Athens, argued that even with a debt deal Greece could do little to eventually avoid default.

“Let the truth be revealed. Let’s have a default because Greece is insolvent and insolvent entities have to default. It’s a law of nature and of society and of reason, and we should simply succumb to that,” Varoufakis told AP Television.

“If European leaders are worried about the effect this will have on banks, they might as well recapitalize them, not continue to drip-feed the Greek state,” he said.

Dallara, the Institute of International Finance official, said that if Greece is forced to default, it will be messy. “I personally believe that there is no such thing as an orderly default for Greece,” he told CNN. “If there is a default, it is likely to be very disorderly.”

As austerity measures have cut deeply into incomes and unemployment has risen, unions have held frequent strikes and protests over the past two years.

Unions and employers were to start talks on Wednesday on reducing labors costs, but the negotiations were disrupted when protesters from a Communist-backed labor union occupied the central building where the meetings were to take place.

EU-IMF debt inspectors are back in Athens this week to monitor progress of those reforms aimed at slashing the country’s high budget deficits.

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Derek Gatopoulos and Theodora Tongas in Athens contributed to this report.

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Funds that give everyone from retirees to money managers easier access to junk bonds are fueling the biggest price swings in more than two years after their buying power surged tenfold.

Exchange-traded funds that track high-yield bond indexes exceed $22 billion, up from about $2 billion three years ago.

While that’s just 2 percent of the $1 trillion in U.S. corporate speculative-grade debt outstanding, ETFs are among the biggest holders of benchmark securities, including those of casino owner Caesars Entertainment Corp. and HCA Inc.

ETFs, which drew scrutiny last year as riskier versions emerged, are adding to volatility because of rules that promote trading. A measure of price swings for junk bonds was seven times higher in November than May, making it harder for the neediest borrowers to raise capital guaranteed high risk personal loans.

Their influence in the market for high-yield, high-risk debt is becoming similar to what ETFs, which have grown to $1.5 trillion from $109 billion in 10 years, have done in other assets.

While cash has poured into ETFs, they haven’t outperformed. Speculative-grade bonds on average returned 40 percent since April 2007, compared with 36.3 percent for investment-grade debt and 37.3 percent for U.S. Treasuries, according to Bank of America Merrill Lynch index data.

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Spain’s Parliament approved the new conservative government’s first austerity measures Wednesday, which aim to rein in the country’s swollen deficit with euro8.9 billion ($11.5 billion) in spending cuts.

The measures, which also include income and property tax hikes, were approved by 197 deputies in the 350-seat lower house, where the ruling Popular Party has an absolute majority of 185 seats after a landslide election win in November.

Finance Minister Cristobal Montoro said the measures were severe but necessary, owing to what he called the mismanagement of the economy by the former Socialist government.

“The economy is stopped, we’re on the verge of a recession and the accounts are unbalanced as a consequence, among other things, of the deplorable decisions taken by the former government, which only made the situation worse,” Montoro told lawmakers.

Spain is battling to avert being dragged further into a debt crisis that has already forced Greece, Ireland and Portugal to seek financial bailouts.

In 2010, Spain began to emerge from a near two-year recession triggered by the collapse of a property and construction bubble that had fueled growth for nearly a decade. The country now has a 21.5 percent unemployment rate _ the highest in the eurozone _ and Economy Minister Luis de Guindos said recently the economy would slide back into recession early this year with the last quarter of 2011 and the first of 2012 both registering negative growth.

Montoro accused the former Socialist government of deliberately hiding figures that showed that Spain’s deficit for 2011 would be 8 percent of national income, and not 6 percent as the Socialists had claimed easy to get unsecured personal loans. He said the deviation represented an estimated euro20 billion ($25.4 billion) “black hole.”

However, Prime Minister Mariano Rajoy has acknowledged that the deficit of regional governments, most of which are run by his own conservative party, was responsible for 75 percent of the deviation.

Other measures in the austerity package include a freeze on civil servants’ salaries and on practically all government hiring. Pensions, however, are to be increased by 1 percent, the only area of spending to rise. Taxes on income and property will also be raised but only for two years.

Treasury Minister Cristobal Montoro said the tax increases will be progressive, with the wealthiest paying more and that the impact on lower-income earners will be minimal.

The government projects that the tax increases will bring in euro6.2 billion ($7.9 billion) on top of the euro8.9 billion saved on the spending cuts.

The package was part of an extension of the 2011 budget because the last government did not pass one for 2012. More austerity measures are expected when the government presents its 2012 budget by the end of March.

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Hungary

Stocks are opening slightly lower as worries over the European debt crisis persist, overshadowing a strong auction of Italian government debt.

The European Central Bank said the continent’s banks parked a record $590.72 billion overnight at the bank, reflecting distrust in the European banking system.

Italy held two successful bond auctions Wednesday at a substantially lower cost than what it paid in similar auctions last month payday loan lenders. The sales raised hopes that the country would be able to roll over its enormous national debt with new bonds.

The Dow Jones industrial average is down 20 points at 12,272 in early trading. The S&P 500 is down 3 at 1,262. The Nasdaq is down 6 at 2,619.

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Russia unexpectedly reduced its benchmark rate, suggesting policy makers see a global economic slump posing greater risks than inflation to the world

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BRUSSELS

The Dow Jones industrial average dropped more than 400 points Wednesday after Italy’s borrowing costs soared and talks collapsed in Greece on forming a new government.

The yield on the benchmark Italian government bond spiked above 7 percent, evidence that investors are losing faith in the country’s ability to repay its debt. Greece, Portugal and Ireland required bailouts when their bond yields rose above the same mark. Unlike those countries, Italy’s $2.6 trillion in debt is too large for other European countries to rescue.

In Greece, power-sharing talks fell apart between the country’s two main political parties, raising doubt about whether the country will be able to receive the next installment of emergency loans it needs to avoid default.

Italian Premier Silvio Berlusconi promised late Tuesday to step aside after a new budget is passed, but there are concerns that the transition to a new government will be difficult. Markets see Berlusconi as an impediment to the kind of far-reaching economic reforms Italy needs to remain solvent.

“The market loves a quick solution and we’re obviously not getting one,” said Mark Lehmann, director of equities of JMP Securities. “We’ve had a strong rally off the bottom and any piece of bad news is going to be responded to negatively.”

The Dow sank 420 points, or 3.5 percent, to 11,743 as of 2:26 p.m. Eastern. If that holds, it would be the largest one-day drop for the Dow since August 4.

The Dow fell 276 on Monday of last week and then 297 points the following day after the Greek prime minister said he would put an unpopular package of austerity cuts to a public vote cash advance no faxing. That raised the prospect that the measures would fail and Greece would default. The referendum was later scrapped.

The S&P 500 lost 45 points, or 3.6 percent, to 1,230. The S&P is now negative for the year again. The index has alternated between small gains and losses for 2011 since Oct. 26.

The Nasdaq composite slid 103, or 3.7 percent, to 2,624

The slide was broad. Only two stocks in the S&P 500 index rose. Materials and financial companies fell the most. Morgan Stanley fell 8 percent and coal producer Alpha Natural Resources fell 8 percent.

Markets fear that a chaotic default by either Greece or Italy would lead to huge losses for European banks. That, in turn, could cause a global lending freeze that might escalate into another credit crisis similar to the one in 2008 after Lehman Brothers fell.

Some analysts fear that the euro itself could fall, which would lead to inflation and a breakdown in free trade agreements in the European Union.

European markets also fell sharply. Italy’s benchmark index plunged 3.8 percent. Germany’s DAX and France’s CAC-40 each lost 2.2 percent.

The prices of assets seen as safe havens rose sharply. The dollar jumped 1.6 percent versus the euro. The yield on the benchmark 10-year Treasury note fell to 1.97 percent from 2.08 percent late Tuesday, a steep drop.

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